Biography of Numa Pompilius, Roman King

Numa Pompilius (c. 753–673 BCE) was the second king of Rome. He is credited with establishing a number of notable institutions, including the temple of Janus. Numas predecessor was Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome. Fast Facts: Numa Pompilius Known For: According to legend, Numa was the second king of Rome.Born: c. 753 BCEDied: c. 673 BCE Early Life According to ancient scholars, Numa Pompilius was born on the very day that Rome was founded—April 21, 753 BCE. Little else is known about his early life. Some 37 years after the founding of Rome, Romulus—the kingdoms first ruler—disappeared in a thunderstorm. The patricians, the Roman nobility, were suspected of having murdered him until Julius Proculus informed the people that he had had a vision of Romulus, who said that he had been taken up to join the gods and was to be worshiped under the name Quirinus. Rise to Power There was considerable unrest between the original Romans and the Sabines—who had joined them after the city was founded—over who would be the next king. For the time being, it was arranged that the senators should each rule with the kings powers for a period of 12 hours until some more permanent solution could be found. Eventually, they decided that the Romans and Sabines should each elect a king from the other group, i.e., the Romans would elect a Sabine and the Sabines a Roman. The Romans were to choose first, and their choice was the Sabine Numa Pompilius. The Sabines agreed to accept Numa as the king without bothering to elect anyone else, and a deputation from both Romans and Sabines went off to tell Numa of his election. Numa did not even live in Rome; he resided in a nearby town called Cures. He was the son-in-law of Tatius, a Sabine who had ruled Rome as joint king with Romulus for a period of five years. After Numas wife died, he had become something of a recluse and was believed to have been taken by a nymph or nature spirit as a lover. When the delegation from Rome came, Numa refused the position of king at first but was later talked into accepting it by his father and Marcius, a relative, and some of the local people from Cures. They argued that left to themselves the Romans would continue to be just as warlike as they had been under Romulus and it would be better if the Romans had a more peace-loving king who could moderate their bellicosity or, if that proved to be impossible, at least direct it away from Cures and the other Sabine communities. Kingship Having agreed to accept the position, Numa left for Rome, where his election as king was confirmed by the people. Before he finally accepted, however, he insisted on watching the sky for a sign in the flight of birds that his kingship would be acceptable to the gods. Numas first act as king was to dismiss the guards Romulus had always kept around. To achieve his aim of making the Romans less bellicose, he diverted the peoples attention by leading religious spetacles—processions and sacrifices—and by terrifying them with accounts of strange sights and sounds, which were supposedly signs from the gods. Numa instituted priests (flamines) of Mars, of Jupiter, and of Romulus under his heavenly name of Quirinus. He also added other orders of priests: the pontifices, the salii, and the fetiales, and the vestals. The pontifices were responsible for public sacrifices and funerals. The salii were responsible for the safety of a shield which had allegedly fallen from the sky and was paraded around the city each year accompanied by the salii dancing in armor. The fetiales were peacemakers. Until they agreed that it was a just war, no war could be declared. Originally Numa instituted two vestals, but he later increased the number to four. The main duty of the vestals, or vestal virgins, was to keep the sacred flame alight and to prepare the mixture of grain and salt used in public sacrifices. Reforms Numa distributed the land conquered by Romulus to poor citizens, hoping that an agricultural way of life would make the Romans more peaceful. He would inspect the farms himself, promoting those whose farms looked well cared for and admonishing those whose farms showed signs of laziness. People still thought of themselves first as original Romans or Sabines, rather than citizens of Rome. To overcome this division, Numa organized the people into guilds based on the occupations of their members. In Romulus time, the calendar had been fixed at 360 days to the year, but the number of days in a month greatly varied. Numa estimated the solar year at 365 days and the lunar year at 354 days. He doubled the difference of eleven days and instituted a leap month of 22 days to come between February and March (which was originally the first month of the year). Numa made January the first month, and he may have added the months of January and February to the calendar as well. The month of January is associated with the god Janus, the doors of whose temple were left open in times of war and closed in times of peace. In Numas reign of 43 years, the doors remained closed, a record for Rome. Death When Numa died at over the age of 80 he left a daughter, Pompilia, who was married to Marcius, the son of the Marcius who had persuaded Numa to accept the throne. Their son, Ancus Marcius, was 5 years old when Numa died, and he later became the fourth king of Rome. Numa was buried under the Janiculum together with his religious books. In 181 BCE, his grave was uncovered in a flood but his coffin was found to be empty. Only the books, which had been buried in a second coffin, remained. They were burnt on the recommendation of the praetor. Legacy Much of the story of Numas life is pure legend. Still, it seems likely that there was a monarchical period in early Rome, with the kings coming from different groups: Romans, Sabines, and Etruscans. It is rather less likely that there were seven kings who reigned in a monarchical period of approximately 250 years. One of the kings may have been a Sabine called Numa Pompilius, though we may doubt that he instituted so many features of the Roman religion and calendar or that his reign was a golden age free from strife and warfare. But that the Romans believed that it was so is a historical fact. The story of Numa was part of the founding myth of Rome. Sources Grandazzi, Alexandre.  The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History. Cornell University Press, 1997.Macgregor, Mary.  The Story of Rome, from the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus. T. Nelson, 1967.

Taking a Look at Ernest Hemingway - 1167 Words

Ernest Hemingway Research Paper Ernest Hemingway was an extraordinary individual. There was a lot more to his life than most readers know about. His writing was influenced by the lifestyle that he led. Hemingway was an adventurous person that liked to live life to its fullest. Just like everyone, he made decisions that were both good and bad, and his decisions and actions shaped his writing style. Hemmingway found a great deal of success and his career was topped off with him being awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature (The Biography Channel). This is what made him into the writer that he was. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois (The European Graduate School). During high school, he worked on the schools newspaper, Trapeze and Tabula (The Biography Channel). According to The European Graduate School, after Hemingway had graduated from high school, he went to work for The Kansas City Star. Hemingway did not attend college, and inst ead, he enlisted in the military and drove an ambulance on the Italian front during the First World War in 1918 (The European Graduate School). He was actually wounded during the war and received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery (The Biography Channel). Just like any writer, Ernest Hemingway’s life and surroundings influenced his style of writing. Hemingway used many experiences from his time serving during World War 1 in his book, A Farewell to Arms (The European Graduate School). ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Ernest Hemingway1411 Words   |  6 Pageswould stand and look out over the roofs of Paris and think, â€Å"Do not worry. You have always written before and you will write now. All you have to do is write on true sentence. Write the truest sentence you know† (shmoop.com). Ernest Hemingway was an honest and noble man. His life was highlighted by his successful writing career that brought him fame, fortune, but ultimately loneliness. 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That is just my opinion. Out of all his works, we take three stories and one from Tim O’Brien whose work is influenced by the man himself. Our stories all tie in with one another and a trait they all share or the ones we will discuss are bravery/pressure and one look at antiheroism. BraveryRead MoreSymbolism In Hills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway992 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1927, Ernest Hemingway penned a short story titled, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The story takes place at a train station in Spain and depicts a troublesome dilemma for the two main characters. The story begins with the characters casually discussing what kind of beer to partake in; the tone quickly shifts when the man mentions a surgery to his female friend, Jig. The reader is left to infer that the two characters are discussing an abortion. 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Hemingway believed that minimal details created a better story, leaving mysteries for readers to solve on their own. Hemingway described his style as the Iceberg Theory. Hemingway deserves to be in the literary canon because he is a maste r of diction, his stories are uniqueRead MoreHills Like White Elephants Theme Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesFuture The story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, written by Ernest Hemingway, tells a dialogue story of a woman named Jig and the American man who is waiting at the train station for their ride to Madrid. Jig and the American man are having a casual conversation about the scenery that the nearby hills look like white elephants. Then, there conversation turns serious as they talk about their relationship and their future unborn child. In Ernest Hemingway’s story, the characters’ conversation is important

Economic Environment Marketing Strategy

Question: Write about theEconomic Environment for Marketing Strategy. Answer: The thesis statement for this essay, appraises the environment of international marketing as well as the economic environment of a country considering an enterprise. In the recent economic environment the business market globally is seriously competitive and unpredictable. Steps undertaken by newly constructed enterprise inside such a domain is made with fear and all parts required with the improvement of the concerned business ought to be examined precisely before setting up a venture (Grant 2016). This is especially the situation while considering business out of sight of an outside commercial center for an administration, or item. For this procedure the level of examination must be expanded to guarantee all parts of business are considered comprehensively. There are numerous unpredictable variables included while evaluating a universal market condition including the financial suitability of the item, potential market dangers and the general expenses to the organization of the advancement (Glasson, Therivel and Chadwick 2013). The key, calculate the examination is the financial condition of the nation into which the item, or administration is being promoted; this is the most vital thought. There are different elements which should likewise be considered. These incorporate the condition of the worldwide economy and the decrease in global exchange hindrances. To display a completely adjusted contention it is likewise imperative to address a nearby meaning of the expression 'monetary condition' and framework what is implied by advertising methodology. By a detailed examination of these issues this exposition will reason that it is the 'monetary condition' of a nation that is the essential concentration for a promoting procedure. The creator states that it is the cost of the individual item which is the key driving variable in the achievement or disappointment of a venture he does likewise embrace the way that this evaluating ought to be set to fit inside the financial condition of a nation (Suskind and Ali 20 14). The variance of universal markets and the weight of rivalry make the assessment of worldwide showcasing fascinating as well as trying and fulfilling. The result of globalization is the diminishment of obstructions to universal business; thus, various neighborhood organizations choose to cross the fringe and work in remote markets (Mander 2014). Organizations like Coca-Cola, IBM, and Microsoft have brands that are perceived over the globe. With a significance of universal promoting, the multifaceted nature of the issues is considerably more noteworthy; International showcasing includes perceiving that individuals everywhere throughout the world have diverse requirements. It is likewise important to comprehend territorial contrasts, thus the significance of global promoting. Gross domestic product, GNP, and per capita salary are pointers of customers' purchasing power; high numbers propose a dynamic monetary condition and a conceivably beneficial market. Support of the monetary conditi on is the most critical issue commanding the global showcasing instrument. In any case, it has been much of the time contended that the most essential of organizations' procedures don't mull over the present condition of worldwide markets while deciding their technique (Herrero et al. 2014). In spite of the fact that the monetary condition of a nation is seen as basic for global advertisers, as to the data given by financial aspects, for example, salary there are likewise various variables which we are required to consider. Consequently the economy of a nation is not the most vital thought to consider while evaluating the worldwide promoting condition. The political and authoritative condition and the social condition are two particular variables which are more vital and need specific consideration from global advertisers (Sternberg 2017). This article will diagram different contentions relating to the economical, political, legitimate and social parts of promoting inside a worldwid e point of view. The political and lawful condition at work in the host nation influences the lead of universal business in an assortment of ways. It can be basically depicted as the laws and controls that a business needs to follow with a specific end goal to ensure the entrepreneurs can work in the public eye, or have the business fined for declining to comply with a few directions. The issue is with law in a few nations are stricter than in others. For instance Europe has its novel exchange law framework. Requirement of exchange principles and controls make the exchange turned out to be more troublesome and even raise the exchange taken a toll for universal business. In addition, solid notions of patriotism can confine in global markets. For instance a "Purchase American" mentality bolsters securing U.S. makers and employments from remote rivalry. The political as well as legal operations make deterrents and impedance among individuals, items, and organizations (Chasek, Downie and Brown 2016). A c omprehension of these in the host nation is fundamental for global advertisers, so as to take into account the local governments' needs and needs. Then again, there is the contention that the financial condition can change quickly. The impact can be across the board and change the promoting arrangement. For instance, in only couple of months, Thai cash (the baht) was drifted and lost a large portion of its incentive in the late 1990s. As purchasers' genuine livelihoods dropped, they should move the way they spend. "Indeed, even an all around arranged advertising methodology may come up short if a nation experiences a quick business decrease". Conversely, consider the as of late sit out of gear U.S. economy. The past development of the economy made a solid employment advertise, expanded various earnings, and raised the estimation of ventures. The pattern of buyers' purchasing influence was expanding a direct result of this "riches impact" (Basek 2014). Considering these components some would state that financial elements are without a doubt the most essential components while evaluating a universal market. Organizations need to comprehend the monetary conditions before applying the entire advertising blend (4Ps) in an outside nation. Moreover, they neglect to consider every one of the variables of political inclusion. Right off the bat, the most unsafe of political dangers to worldwide business is inner clash, as it will negatively affect the organization's capacity to work viably and beneficially. Besides, a reasonable illustration is the fierceness of viciousness in southern Thailand, which prompted more than 2400 passing and 4000 individuals being harmed. Besides, there is an absence of proof to bolster the contention that financial variables impact promoting methodology. The presentation to potential political hazard may bring about losing a company's properties and administrative control (Mellahi, Frynas and Collings 2016). The sizes of political turmoil prompt an expansion of common unsettling influences, and there is a high possibility that the administration could fall. Accordingly, it ought not be disregarded that the political condition impacts universal marketing. There are different contentions about the political legitimate condition, for example, the favoring of neighborhood organizations over outside ones. Besides, culture is a vital piece of International Business. Edward Tylor saw culture as "that intricate entire which incorporates information, conviction, craftsmanship, ethics, law, custom, and different capacities obtained by man as an individual from society". From a universal business point of view on training, it assumes a determinant part in the assessment of national upper hand. For instance, if about 75 percent of the populace in a nation was ignorant, it is probably not going to be a decent market for a well known book. Also, "a typical dialect can unite individuals inside a characterized limit". Some say, the reason the United States turned into the biggest economy on the planet was on the grounds that it utilizes the world's most powerful dialect with more than 200 million speakers. Universal organizations are not just a method for making benefits by the misuse of worldwide promoting, additionally an extension between various countries. Moreover, it is asserted that the monetary needs are worried with promoting in many acquiring choices. Hence, promoting supervisors must consider a nation's monetary condition. The national wage of an economy is normally measured by GDP, GNP, and per capita pay. In the event that the nation's market is described by a positive development, endeavors have more chances to acquire benefits. For instance western European nations are among the universes generally prosperous. The locale's well off shoppers have pulled in global organizations' consideration and were anxious to showcase their items. A well-off nation gives a solid financial premise to universal advertising administrators to create (Markley and Koernig 2015). While it can't be denied that the economy is central point to consider while assessing the global advertising condition, the way of life is more imperative than the economy. As indicated by a KPMG think about, "26% of all mergers and acquisitions (MAs) will probably succeed in the event that they concentrated on settling social issues". For instance in 1992, Euro Disney was opened to general society, however it made many promoting and operational blunders. Disney thought little of the impact of social contrasts amongst America and Europe. Though Europeans going to a Disney amusement stop in the USA expected a genuine "The French see Euro Disney as American governmentplastics at the very least". Interestingly, when McDonald's set up their first eatery in India, they reacted to the way of life by adjusting the menu keeping in mind the end goal to suit the nearby client's eating routine (DeVill, Rajwani and Lawton 2015). Subsequently, the overarching Indian clients still can appreciate this "American" experience. The motivation behind the reason McDonald had a major achievement was that they mindful of social sensibilities. Obviously, the worldwide economy is turning into an expansive brought together market; advertisers will in any case experience contrasts amongst culture and social condition among those nations. It can be concluded that, an extensive number of outer and inward powers shape the showcasing condition, and the abroad capability of business sectors must be precisely examined. In worldwide markets it's frequently harder to completely comprehend the advertising condition factors. This may make it harder to see the dangers required specifically openings. A few nations are politically unsteady; a few nations have fundamentally unique societies. Every one of these properties demonstrates that the monetary condition is by all account not the only thought for creating universal business (Paliwoda and Thomas 2013). The market condition is more extensive and loaded with perplexity. The showcasing supervisor ought to painstakingly break down all the natural factors that can be controlled when settling on promoting choices. Reference List Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Chasek, P.S., Downie, D.L. and Brown, J.W., 2016.Global environmental politics. Westview Press. De Villa, M.A., Rajwani, T. and Lawton, T., 2015. Market entry modes in a multipolar world: Untangling the moderating effect of the political environment.International Business Review,24(3), pp.419-429. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A., 2013.Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Herrero, M., Thornton, P.K., Bernus, A., Baltenweck, I., Vervoort, J., van de Steeg, J., Makokha, S., van Wijk, M.T., Karanja, S., Rufino, M.C. and Staal, S.J., 2014. Exploring future changes in smallholder farming systems by linking socio-economic scenarios with regional and household models.Global Environmental Change,24, pp.165-182. Mander, J., 2014.The case against the global economy: and for a turn towards localization. Routledge. Markley Rountree, M. and Koernig, S.K., 2015. Values-based education for sustainability marketers: two approaches for enhancing student social consciousness.Journal of Marketing Education,37(1), pp.5-24. Mellahi, K., Frynas, J.G. and Collings, D.G., 2016. Performance management practices within emerging market multinational enterprises: the case of Brazilian multinationals.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(8), pp.876-905. Paliwoda, S. and Thomas, M., 2013.International marketing. Routledge. Sternberg, R., 2017. Creativity support policies as a means of development policy for the global South? A critical appraisal of the UNESCO Creative Economy Report 2013.Regional Studies,51(2), pp.336-345. Susskind, L.E. and Ali, S.H., 2014.Environmental diplomacy: negotiating more effective global agreements. Oxford University Press.